RESUMEN
AbstractMalaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases globally due to its high incidence and mortality rates. The influx of infected cases from endemic to non-endemic malaria regions like Europe has resulted in a public health concern over sporadic local outbreaks. This is facilitated by the continued presence of competent Anopheles vectors in non-endemic countries.We modeled the potential distribution of the main malaria vector across Spain using the ensemble of eight modeling techniques based on environmental parameters and the Anopheles maculipennis s.l. presence/absence data collected from 2000 to 2020. We then combined this map with the number of imported malaria cases in each municipality to detect the geographic hot spots with a higher risk of local malaria transmission.The malaria vector occurred preferentially in irrigated lands characterized by warm climate conditions and moderate annual precipitation. Some areas surrounding irrigated lands in northern Spain (e.g., Zaragoza, Logroño), mainland areas (e.g., Madrid, Toledo) and in the South (e.g., Huelva), presented a significant likelihood of A. maculipennis s.l. occurrence, with a large overlap with the presence of imported cases of malaria.While the risk of malaria re-emergence in Spain is low, it is not evenly distributed throughout the country. The four recorded local cases of mosquito-borne transmission occurred in areas with a high overlap of imported cases and mosquito presence. Integrating mosquito distribution with human incidence cases provides an effective tool for the quantification of large-scale geographic variation in transmission risk and pinpointing priority areas for targeted surveillance and prevention.
RESUMEN
Galicia, located in the northwestern part of Spain, has a great number and variety of aquatic ecosystems where mosquitoes can breed. Despite the sanitary relevance of these insects, studies on mosquito populations in the region are still scarce. The field research was carried out in 48 sampling points (27 continental lagoons, 12 coastal lagoons and 9 temporary ponds) throughout the entire Galician territory. The samples were collected intermittently and seasonally through different water quality monitoring projects between 2001 and 2017. More than 1500 mosquito larvae belonging to 10 species of five genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex and Culiseta) were identified. Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis s.l. Meigen was the most widely distributed species in the study, being especially dominant in rural areas. In contrast, Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnaeus and Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald showed a preference for breeding in urban areas. New contributions to the knowledge about the larval ecology and distribution of these mosquito species are made throughout this study, including information about the tolerance of each species to water parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity). Likewise, the relationship between culicid diversity and the habitat characteristics of the breeding sites (water body type, climate and level of anthropization) is discussed.
Galicia (NO España) presenta un gran número y variedad de ecosistemas acuáticos donde los mosquitos pueden criar. A pesar del interés sanitario de estos insectos, los estudios sobre las poblaciones de mosquitos en la región aún son escasos. El área de estudio se compone de 48 puntos de muestreo (27 lagunas continentales, 12 lagunas costeras y 9 charcas temporales) a lo largo de todo el territorio gallego. Las muestras fueron recogidas de forma intermitente y estacional mediante diferentes proyectos de monitoreo sobre la calidad del agua entre 2001 y 2017. Se identificaron más de 1500 larvas de mosquitos pertenecientes a diez especies y cinco géneros (Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex y Culiseta). Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis s.l. Meigen fue la especie mejor representada en el estudio, siendo especialmente dominante en áreas rurales. Por el contrario, Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnaeus y Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald mostraron una preferencia por criar en áreas urbanas. A través del presente estudio se realizan nuevas contribuciones al conocimiento de la ecología y la distribución de diferentes especies de mosquitos, incluyéndose información sobre la tolerancia de cada una de las especies a parámetros del agua (temperatura, pH, oxígeno disuelto y conductividad). Así mismo, se discute la relación entre la diversidad de culícidos y las características de las zonas de cría (tipo de masa de agua, clima y nivel de antropización).
